General form of magnetization damping: Magnetization dynamics of a spin system evolving nonadiabatically and out of equilibrium

Using an effective Hamiltonian including the Zeeman and internal interactions, we describe the quantum theory of magnetization dynamics when the spin system evolves nonadiabatically and out of equilibrium. The Lewis-Riesenfeld dynamical invariant method is employed along with the Liouville–von Neumann equation for the density matrix. We derive a dynamical equation for magnetization defined with respect to the density operator with a general form of damping that involves the nonequilibrium contribution in addition to the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation. Two special cases of the radiation-spin interaction and the spin-spin exchange interaction are considered. For the radiation-spin interaction, the damping term is shown to be of the Gilbert type, while in the spin-spin exchange interaction case, the results depend on a coupled chain of correlation functions.