Mapping of strongly correlated steady-state nonequilibrium system to an effective equilibrium

By mapping steady-state nonequilibrium to an effective equilibrium, we formulate nonequilibrium problems within an equilibrium picture. The Hamiltonian in the open system is rewritten in terms of scattering states with appropriate boundary condition. We first study the analytic properties of many-body scattering states, impose the boundary-condition operator in a statistical operator and prove that this mapping is equivalent to the linear-response theory in the low-bias limit. In an example of infinite-U Anderson impurity model, we approximately solve the scattering state creation operators, based on which we derive the bias operator Ŷ to construct the nonequilibrium ensemble in the form of the Boltzmann factor e^{−β(Ĥ−Ŷ)}. The resulting effective Hamiltonian is solved by noncrossing approximation. We obtain the I-V features of Kondo anomaly conductance at zero bias, inelastic transport via the charge excitation on the quantum dot, and significant inelastic current background over a wide range of bias.